Asia School of Business

Global Inquiry, Local Heart

Proximate, Portable, and Preparatory: Non-monetary Performance Measures for Social Enterprises Working with Transitory Populations

Authors:L. Lin Ong & Melati Nungsari

How can social enterprises truly empower refugees whose lives remain suspended in legal and social limbo? This chapter explores that question through a year-long, qualitative interview study of eight Afghan refugee women entrepreneurs in transit in Malaysia. This chapter contributes to the growing literature on refugee entrepreneurship and social enterprise impact evaluation by offering a new framework for assessing outcomes in displacement contexts.